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Intermediate
An odds ratio of 2.5 (95% CI 1.4-4.1) for the association between smoking and severe periodontitis means:
Smoking causes severe periodontitis 2.5 times in every patient
Smokers have 2.5 times the odds of severe periodontitis compared to non-smokers, with the 95% CI excluding 1 indicating statistical significance
Smoking reduces risk by 2.5
The association is not statistically significant
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